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Sunday, December 31, 2017

Timing_sense : Timing Arc in .LIB Files (Part2)

STA & SI:: Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1a 1.1b 1.1c 1.2a 1.2b
INTRODUCTION Timing Arc Unate: Timing Arc Unateness of Complex Circuit: Timing Arc LIB File syntax for Logic Gates: Timing Sense LIB File syntax for Complex Circuit: Timing Sense

Representation of The Unateness of timing Arc In timing Library:

In last article, we have discussed about the representation of Timing arc with respect to Logic gates in .lib file. In the Timing Library, "Timing Arc information" is stored with the syntax "timing_sense".

In this article, we are trying to extend timing arc concepts from simple "Logic gate" to complex combinational circuit. We will start with few standard logic functions like AOI (AND-OR-Inverter), OAI (OR-AND-Inverter). Then we will discuss about the few standard combinational circuits like MUX.

1) For Multiple Input and Single Output

AOI Gate: 3 Input and 1 Output: Y=((A.B)+C)'

To understand the circuit diagram and operation of AOI please refer Article AND-OR-Inverter

/* --------------- *
* Design : AOI21X1 *
* --------------- */
cell (AOI21X1) {
       ....
       ....
      pin(A) {
            direction : input;
            capacitance : 0.0179;
            rise_capacitance : 0.0170;
            fall_capacitance : 0.0173;
      }

      pin(B) {
            direction : input;
            capacitance : 0.0179;
            rise_capacitance : 0.0174;
            fall_capacitance : 0.0179;
      }

      pin(C) {
            direction : input;
            capacitance : 0.015;
            rise_capacitance : 0.015;
            fall_capacitance : 0.015;
      }

      pin(Y) {
            direction : output;
            capacitance : 0;
            rise_capacitance : 0;
            fall_capacitance : 0;
            max_capacitance : 0.5;
            function : "(!((A B)+C))";
            timing(A_Y) {
                  related_pin : "A";
                  timing_sense : negative_unate;
                  .....
            }
            timing(B_Y) {
                  related_pin : "B";
                  timing_sense : negative_unate;
                  .....
            }
            timing(C_Y) {
                  related_pin : "C";
                  timing_sense : negative_unate;
                  .....
            }
            ....
      }
      .....
}

AOI Gate: 4 Input and 1 Output: Y=((A.B)+(C.D))'

/* -------------- *
* Design : AOI22X1 *
* -------------- */
cell (AOI22X1) {
       ....
       pin(A) {
             direction : input;
             ....;
       }
       pin(B) {
             direction : input;
             ....;
       }
       pin(C) {
             direction : input;
             ....;
       }
       pin(D) {
             direction : input;
             ....;
       }
       pin(Y) {
             direction : output;
             ....;
             function : "(!((A B)+(C D)))";
             timing(A_Y) {
                   related_pin : "A";
                   timing_sense : negative_unate;
                   ....
             }
             timing(B_Y) {
                   related_pin : "B";
                   timing_sense : negative_unate;
                   ....
             }
             timing(C_Y) {
                   related_pin : "C";
                   timing_sense : negative_unate;
                   ....
             }
             timing(D_Y) {
                   related_pin : "D";
                   timing_sense : negative_unate;
                   ....
             }
       ....
       }
}

OAI Gate (OR-AND-Inverter): 4 Input and 1 Output: Y=((A+B)(C+D))'

/* -------------- *
* Design : OAI22X1 *
* -------------- */
cell (OAI22X1) {
       ....
       pin(A) {
             direction : input;
             ....;
       }
       pin(B) {
             direction : input;
             ....;
       }
       pin(C) {
             direction : input;
             ....;
       }
       pin(D) {
             direction : input;
             ....;
       }
       pin(Y) {
             direction : output;
             ....;
             function : "(!((A+B) (C+D)))";
             timing(A_Y) {
                   related_pin : "A";
                   timing_sense : negative_unate;
                   ....
             }
             timing(B_Y) {
                   related_pin : "B";
                   timing_sense : negative_unate;
                   ....
             }
             timing(C_Y) {
                   related_pin : "C";
                   timing_sense : negative_unate;
                   ....
             }
             timing(D_Y) {
                   related_pin : "D";
                   timing_sense : negative_unate;
                   ....
             }
       ....
       }
}

Multiplexer: 2x1 MUX.

Multiplexer (2x1 MUX) has 2 Input pin, 1 Select pin and 1 output pin. Select pin is also a Input pin (whenever you see .lib file its very clearly defined as input pin). Now, we need to understand the relationship between different input and output pin. To understand this relationship, either you have internal circuit diagram or you can draw truth table or you can use the equation method. Let's see here with respect to equation.

MUX Input output equation is:
Y = (S'.A) + (S.B)

If you remember, previously we have discussed how you can figure out the unateness of output with respect to individual Input from equation (or say function) directly. Just in case, you want to revise, please check Unateness using Function Method.

From equation, it's clear that:
  • Y is Positive Unate with respect to input pin A.
  • Y is Positive Unate with respect to input pin B.
  • Y is Non-unate with respect to Select line S.

Note: You can try other method your own. For more detail of these methods, please refer Article "Unateness in Complex Circuit".

Now, let's see .Lib representation of this.

/* -------------- *
* Design : MUX2X1 *
* -------------- */
cell (MUX2X1) {
       ....
       pin(A) {
             direction : input;
             ....;
       }
       pin(B) {
             direction : input;
             ....;
       }
       pin(S) {
             direction : input;
             ....;
       }
       pin(Y) {
             direction : output;
             ....;
             function : "((!S A) + (S B))";
             timing(A_Y) {
                   related_pin : "A";
                   timing_sense : positive_unate;
                   ....
             }
             timing(B_Y) {
                   related_pin : "B";
                   timing_sense : positive_unate;
                   ....
             }
             timing(S_Y) {
                   related_pin : "S";
                   timing_sense : non_unate;
                   ....
             }
       ....
       }
}

Multiplexer: 2x1 MUX (Other configuration)

When I was checking the MUX with in the .Lib file, I come across another configuration. It's difficult to explain that here but with the help of equation you can easily figure out.

Y = ((S.A) + (S'.B))'

From this equation, you can easily say that
  • Y is Negative Unate with respect to input pin A.
  • Y is Negative Unate with respect to input pin B.
  • Y is Non-unate with respect to Select line S.

Now, .lib representation is also very clear. :) Only Output Y section

       pin(Y) {
             direction : output;
             ....;
             function : "(!((S A) + (!S B)))";
             timing(A_Y) {
                   related_pin : "A";
                   timing_sense : negative_unate;
                   ....
             }
             timing(B_Y) {
                   related_pin : "B";
                   timing_sense : negative_unate;
                   ....
             }
             timing(S_Y) {
                   related_pin : "S";
                   timing_sense : non_unate;
                   ....
             }
       ....
       }

2) For Multiple Input and Multiple Output

You might be thinking about any logic gates having multiple output. I would say forget about that and try to understand how to represent such circuit in .LIB file. Below are 2 output function which I can see in my .lib file (Snapshot of .LIB which I have) for a particular CELL.

YC = ((A B)+(B C))+(C A) &
YS = (A^B)^C

Note: I am sure after seeing Equation, you must have figured out the circuit I am talking about. :) Yes, It's a Fully Adder Circuit. Similarly, you can have Half Added Circuit as part of your Library. :)

Full Adder:

/* -------------- *
* Design : FAX1 *
* -------------- */
cell (FAX1) {
       ....
       pin(A) {
             direction : input;
             ....;
       }
       pin(B) {
             direction : input;
             ....;
       }
       pin(C) {
             direction : input;
             ....;
       }
       pin(YC) {
             direction : output;
             ....;
             function : "(((A B)+(B C))+(C A))";
             timing(A_YC) {
                   related_pin : "A";
                   timing_sense : positive_unate;
                   ....
             }
             timing(B_YC) {
                   related_pin : "B";
                   timing_sense : positive_unate;
                   ....
             }
             timing(C_YC) {
                   related_pin : "C";
                   timing_sense : positive_unate;
                   ....
             }
       ....
       }

       pin(YS) {
             direction : output;
             ....;
             function : "((A^B)^C)";
             timing(A_YC) {
                   related_pin : "A";
                   timing_sense : non_unate;
                   ....
             }
             timing(B_YC) {
                   related_pin : "B";
                   timing_sense : non_unate;
                   ....
             }
             timing(C_YC) {
                   related_pin : "C";
                   timing_sense : non_unate;
                   ....
             }
       ....
       }
}

I am sure, by now you are very much clear about the representation of Unateness in .LIB file for all logic gates and few Standard combinational circuit. Any circuit which is similar to this, you can easily understand the input-output relationship just by seeing these few (direction, related_pin, function, timing_sense) parameters in the .Lib file. Or you can write any .lib file if you already have input-output relationship.

Now, there are few special Cells like TriState Cell (e.g TriState Buffer) and Sequential Cells like D flipflop which are still untouched in our discussion. For that we have to introduce few new parameters as a part of Timing Arc. Let's discuss those in next articles.

Happy Learning

Timing_sense : Timing Arc in .LIB Files (Part1)

STA & SI:: Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1a 1.1b 1.1c 1.2a 1.2b
INTRODUCTION Timing Arc Unate: Timing Arc Unateness of Complex Circuit: Timing Arc LIB File syntax for Logic Gates: Timing Sense LIB File syntax for Complex Circuit: Timing Sense

Representation of The Unateness of timing Arc In timing Library:


In the Timing Library, "Timing Arc information" is stored with the syntax "timing_sense".

1) For Single Input and Single Output

Buffer : timing_sense: positive_unate

To know more about the Unateness of Buffer, please read Article "Unateness- Timing Arc: Buffer"
/* --------------- *
* Design : BUF2X1 *
* --------------- */
cell (buf){
   ....
   pin (A) {
      ....
       direction : input;
       capacitance : 1.0;
   } /* End pin (A) */

   pin(Y){
       direction : output;
       capacitance : 0.0;
       function : "(A)";
       ....
       ....
      timing(A_Y) {
          related_pin : "A";
          timing_sense : positive_unate;
           ....
           ....
      }
       ...
       ...
   }/* End pin (Y) */
}/* End cell (buf) */

So basically "timing_sense" will represent the unateness of a particular pin. But remember, if you wants to know the number of Timing Arc - then it's 2. One for Falling edge and other for Rising Edge.

Inverter : timing_sense: negative_unate

To know more about the Unateness of Inverter, please read Article "Unateness- Timing Arc: Inverter"
/* --------------- *
* Design : INVX1 *
* --------------- */
cell (inv){
   ....
   pin (A) {
      ....
       direction : input;
       capacitance : 1.0;
   } /* End pin (A) */

   pin(Y){
       direction : output;
       capacitance : 0.0;
       function : "(!A)";
       ....
       ....
      timing(A_Y) {
          related_pin : "A";
          timing_sense : negative_unate;
           ....
           ....
      }
       ...
       ...
   }/* End pin (Y) */
}/* End cell (inv) */

Note:
  • If you have noticed (or If you will compare in .lib file), through most of the parameters it's very difficult to understand whether it's Buffer or Inverter. There are only 2 parameter which can help you: "function" and "timing_sense".
  • Name inside the timing() - is the Timing Arc name.
  • You can see (in above examples) there is 1 Input Pin - which is A and one Output Pin which is Y. Now timing() is "related to" output Pin Y because timing arc is attached to an output pin. (you can get more clarity on this point later in this article)

2) For Multiple Input and Single Output

AND gate: timing_sense: positive_unate

To know more about the Unateness of AND gate, please read Article "Unateness- Timing Arc: AND gate"
/* --------------- *
* Design : AND2X1 *
* --------------- */
cell (AND2X1) {
       ....
       ....
      pin(A) {
            direction : input;
            capacitance : 0.01;
            rise_capacitance : 0.01;
            fall_capacitance : 0.01;
      }

      pin(B) {
            direction : input;
            capacitance : 0.01;
            rise_capacitance : 0.01;
            fall_capacitance : 0.01;
      }

      pin(Y) {
            direction : output;
            capacitance : 0;
            rise_capacitance : 0;
            fall_capacitance : 0;
            max_capacitance : 0.5;
            function : "(A B)";
            timing(A_Y) {
                  related_pin : "A";
                  timing_sense : positive_unate;
                  .....
                  .....
            }
            timing(B_Y) {
                  related_pin : "B";
                  timing_sense : positive_unate;
                  .....
                  .....
            }
            ....
            ....
      }
      .....
      .....
}

In this case both the Pins are of same type, we can combine the definition of timing arc into one. Like
  timing(A_Y, B_Y) {
    related_pin : "A B";
    timing_sense : positive_unate;
    ....
    ....
  }

Remember, all the parameters should be same. There are few parameters which we haven't discuss till now, but in reality before combining we have to review all.

OR gate: timing_sense: positive_unate

To know more about the Unateness of OR Gate, please read Article "Unateness- Timing Arc: OR Gate"
/* -------------- *
* Design : OR2X1 *
* -------------- */
cell (OR2X1) {
       ....
       ....
       pin(A) {
             direction : input;
             capacitance : 0.015;
             rise_capacitance : 0.015;
             fall_capacitance : 0.015;
       }
       pin(B) {
             direction : input;
             capacitance : 0.01;
             rise_capacitance : 0.01;
             fall_capacitance : 0.01;
       }
       pin(Y) {
             direction : output;
             capacitance : 0;
             rise_capacitance : 0;
             fall_capacitance : 0;
             max_capacitance : 0.4;
             function : "(A+B)";
             timing(A_Y) {
                   related_pin : "A";
                   timing_sense : positive_unate;
                   ....
                   ....
             }
             timing(B_Y) {
                   related_pin : "B";
                   timing_sense : positive_unate;
                   ....
                   ....
             }
       ....
       ....
       }
}

NOR gate: timing_sense: negative_unate

To know more about the Unateness of NOR gate, please read Article "Unateness- Timing Arc: NOR gate"
/* -------------- *
* Design : NOR2X1 *
* -------------- */
cell (NOR2X1) {
       ....
       ....
       pin(A) {
             direction : input;
             capacitance : 0.015;
             rise_capacitance : 0.015;
             fall_capacitance : 0.015;
       }
       pin(B) {
             direction : input;
             capacitance : 0.01;
             rise_capacitance : 0.01;
             fall_capacitance : 0.01;
       }
       pin(Y) {
             direction : output;
             capacitance : 0;
             rise_capacitance : 0;
             fall_capacitance : 0;
             max_capacitance : 0.4;
             function : "(!(A+B))";
             timing(A_Y) {
                   related_pin : "A";
                   timing_sense : negative_unate;
                   ....
                   ....
             }
             timing(B_Y) {
                   related_pin : "B";
                   timing_sense : negative_unate;
                   ....
                   ....
             }
       ....
       ....
       }
}

NAND gate: timing_sense: negative_unate

To know more about the Unateness of NAND gate, please read Article "Unateness- Timing Arc: NAND gate"
/* --------------- *
* Design : NAND2X1 *
* --------------- */
cell (NAND2X1) {
       ....
       ....
      pin(A) {
            direction : input;
            capacitance : 0.01;
            rise_capacitance : 0.01;
            fall_capacitance : 0.01;
      }

      pin(B) {
            direction : input;
            capacitance : 0.01;
            rise_capacitance : 0.01;
            fall_capacitance : 0.01;
      }

      pin(Y) {
            direction : output;
            capacitance : 0;
            rise_capacitance : 0;
            fall_capacitance : 0;
            max_capacitance : 0.5;
            function : "(!(A B))";
            timing(A_Y) {
                  related_pin : "A";
                  timing_sense : negative_unate;
                  .....
                  .....
            }
            timing(B_Y) {
                  related_pin : "B";
                  timing_sense : negative_unate;
                  .....
                  .....
            }
            ....
            ....
      }
      .....
      .....
}

XNOR gate: timing_sense: non_unate

To know more about the Unateness of XNOR gate, please read Article "Unateness- Timing Arc: XNOR gate"
/* -------------- *
* Design : XNOR2X1 *
* -------------- */
cell (XNOR2X1) {
       ....
       pin(A) {
             direction : input;
             ....;
       }
       pin(B) {
             direction : input;
             ....;
       }
       pin(Y) {
             direction : output;
             ....;
             function : "(!(A^B))";
             timing(A_Y) {
                   related_pin : "A";
                   timing_sense : non_unate;
                   ....
                   ....
             }
             timing(B_Y) {
                   related_pin : "B";
                   timing_sense : non_unate;
                   ....
                   ....
             }
       ....
       }
}

XOR gate: timing_sense: non_unate

To know more about the Unateness of XOR gate, please read Article "Unateness- Timing Arc: XOR gate"
/* -------------- *
* Design : XOR2X1 *
* -------------- */
cell (XOR2X1) {
       ....
       ....
       pin(A) {
             direction : input;
             ....;
       }
       pin(B) {
             direction : input;
             ....;
       }
       pin(Y) {
             direction : output;
             ....;
             function : "(A^B)";
             timing(A_Y) {
                   related_pin : "A";
                   timing_sense : non_unate;
                   ....
                   ....
             }
             timing(B_Y) {
                   related_pin : "B";
                   timing_sense : non_unate;
                   ....
                   ....
             }
       ....
       }
}

Representation of Unateness for few more complex circuits (like MUX) and Sequential circuits, we will discuss in next Articles.

Monday, December 25, 2017

Single VIA, VIA array, Stacked VIA


A via forms a connection between overlapping geometries on different layers through a cut layer, and is formed by geometries on all three layers.
Three types of vias:
  1. a single via,
  2. an array via,
  3. and a stacked via.

1) Single VIA



Below diagram help you to understand how single VIA are placed between 2 metal and help them to connect them.
2D /Top view with different arrangement (also known as Layout View)


3D view (Help you to understand connection more closely).

Figure 3D_b is a transparent view of the 3D_a. It helps you to understand how different layers are connected with each other.

Side View of Via and Metal connection.


There are certain Design rules for VIAs also. I am not going to capture those in detail here but below figure give you a general idea.


Vias can be asymmetric, meaning the overhangs in the x and y directions are different. The overhang parameters refer to those of a via connecting preferred-direction wires. If the wires are in the nonpreferred direction, the via is rotated and the overhangs are reversed, meaning that the extensions in the x direction are given by the y overhang parameters.

2) VIA Array



Array vias are used for connecting wide wires where the required cut size would exceed the maximum cut size of the simple via. In an array via, the region of intersection of the wires is filled by a regular array of small cuts of fixed size and separation.

2D /Top view with and without preferred direction of Metal arrangement (also known as Layout View)


3D view (Help you to understand connection more closely).


Figure 3D_b is a transparent view of the 3D_a. It helps you to understand how different layers are connected with each other. you can also see that array size is 3x1 between M1 and M2. When it comes to M2 and M3, Single VIA connects both the wire. But dnt think that it will always be the case. It depends on design that and width of Metal wire, if you want to use VIA array or Single VIA. In the below figure, you can see that M1 and M2 are using 3x3 VIA array. Between M2 and M3 - it's 1x3 VIA array.


3) Stack VIA



3D view (Help you to understand connection more closely).


2D view of Stack via is not easy to understand. But if you want to try, you can do it in any tool to understand properly.

I can summarize this article with combined view of all 3 type of VIAs.



Must Read Article

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